| Notes |
- History of County Wexford
County Wexford (Irish: Contae Loch Garman) is a county located in the south-east of Republic of Ireland, in the province of Leinster. It takes its name from the principal town, Wexford, named 'Waesfjord' by the Vikings - meaning 'inlet (fjord) of the mud-flats' in the Old Norse language. In pre-Norman times it was part of the Kingdom of U?i Cheinnselaig, with its capital at Ferns.
The County was formed in Norman times. It was created in 1210 by King John during his visit to Ireland.[1]
17th-century wars and confiscations
A Plantation of English settlers took place, 1612-13, east of the River Slaney in County Wexford. The lands were distributed in pockets over various parts of this large area - roughly 1,000 Irish (or Plantation) acres on average were granted to each individual (though some received more). Some of those granted land were: Francis Annesley, Francis Blundell, Richard Cooke, Lawrence Esmond, Edward Fisher, Adam Loftus, Henry Pierse and George Trevelyan - however, this is just a partial list.[70]
On 23 October 1641, a major Rebellion broke out in Ireland. In 1649, Oliver Cromwell and his English Parliamentarian Army first arrived in County Wexford to deal with the rebels located there.[71] Ferns and Enniscorthy were captured by them near the end of September 1649. Wexford town was sacked by Cromwell and his Army, 11 October 1649 - hundreds of civilians were killed in the process. Cromwell was blamed for the massacre by the people of County Wexford and of Ireland in general. Reports of the numbers killed vary considerably.[72]
Oliver Cromwell
New Ross, under the command of Lucas Taffe, surrendered to Cromwell 19 October 1649. Taffe and most of the garrison were allowed to march away as part of the terms of surrender. Taffe also wrote to Cromwell requesting "liberty of conscience as such shall stay"[73] However, Cromwell wrote a noteworthy reply, indicative of what was to come in subsequent years:
"For that which you mention concerning liberty of conscience, I meddle not with any man's conscience. But if by liberty of conscience you meane a liberty to exercise the masse, I judge it best to use plaine dealing, and to let you know where the Parliament of England hath power that will not be allowed of."
-?Oliver Cromwell, 19 October 1649, "Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches", p. 395.
The capture of Ross meant that all of County Wexford was effectively in Cromwell's hands, with the exception of the Fort of Duncannon - which held out until August 1650, before surrendering.
About 1655 the county was mapped under the Down Survey.[74] The county was also covered by the Civil Survey, which was conducted 1654-56 (but which recorded land ownership in 1640-41). These surveys were conducted to aid the confiscation and re-distribution of lands. The lands of the Irish and Anglo-Normans were confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers as payment for their service in the Parliamentarian Army. In other counties Adventurers were allotted lands, but the lands in County Wexford were to go primarily to soldiers.[75] It was only the landowners who were ordered west of the Shannon and who went into exile on the Continent - the ordinary people were allowed to stay on in their homes to serve as tenants for their new landlords.[76] However, many soldiers (though not all) sold their lands almost immediately. Cromwell's death in 1658 meant that some of the grants of land that he had made were cancelled and a small number of the old proprietors were restored to their estates under Charles II. Other beneficiaries were Charles II's supporters, especially those who had helped 'restore' him to the English throne.[77] All this is borne out by the Books of Survey and Distribution. More dispossessions were made when James II was defeated and dethroned, near the end of the 17th century, primarily the lands of his supporters. It was at Duncannon, in the south-west of the county that James II, after his defeat at the Boyne, embarked for Kinsale and then to exile in France.
Also in this century, the first magpies in Ireland were recorded as having appeared in the County of Wexford about 1676. Robert Leigh, of Rosegarland (near Clongeen), writing 1684 states:
" About 8 yeares agoe there landed in those parts [the Baronies of Forth and Bargy] a new sort of planters, out of Wales, a parcell of Magpies (forced I suppose by stormey weather), which now breed in severall places in ye Barony of Forth, and at a place called Baldinstowne, in the Barony of Bargy, and in the wood off Rose Garland, before menconed, in ye Barony of Shilmaleere.[78][79] "
Wolves were very common at the time of Cromwell in Ireland. However, government rewards offered to kill them and for their capture meant they became very rare within fifty years and extinct in Ireland before the end of the 18th century.[80] The most reliable evidence suggests that wolves became extinct in County Wexford in the 1730s, and that the last wolf in Ireland was killed near Mount Leinster in County Carlow in 1786.
The Penal Laws and the 18th century
Though there had been many earlier laws enacted against Catholics in Ireland, the year 1695 marked the real beginning of what were called the Penal Laws. These laws primarily discriminated against Catholics, and did not begin to be relaxed until the end of the 18th century.
In late 1709 a number of Protestant families from the Palatinate region of Germany were settled on the lands of Abel Ram of Gorey, a large landowner, at Old Ross and at Gorey. Some of the surnames of these new settlers included names such as Fissel, Hornick, Jekyll, Poole, and Rhinehardt. They had travelled via Rotterdam to London, and arrived at Dublin, 10 September 1709. Another large group were settled at County Limerick, and others were settled elsewhere in Ireland. They are referred to as 'Palatines'.[81]
In 1752, Richard Pococke travelled through a large part of County Wexford and left a written record of his tour.
In the early 1770s, the Whiteboys were briefly active in north-west County Wexford - though they are said to have had little impact on the rest of the county.[82] According to George Taylor they first appeared in County Wexford in 1774 but "they were soon quelled, and two of the ringleaders, named Owen Carroll and John Daggan, were found guilty of some heinous offence, and executed near Newtownbarry,[83] on 28 September 1775."[84] Their chief grievance seems to have been the payment of Tithes - a tax towards the upkeep of the Established Church. The Established Church was Protestant and the Whiteboys were Catholic.
In 1777 there were only three post offices in the county - Gorey, Enniscorthy, and Wexford. The Royal Mail from Dublin entered the county only two days in the week, and returned on each succeeding day.[85]
In 1778, the Colclough family formed the first Volunteer Company in Ireland, at Enniscorthy.
Arthur Young travelled throughout Ireland at this period. His book, A Tour in Ireland, 1776-1779, includes many details on County Wexford - which he visited during that time.[86]
In 1793 a serious 'incident' took place near Wexford town. A large group of people, who had recently joined a secret organization called the Right Boys,[87][88][89] from the north-west and west of County Wexford approached the town in an attempt to free two prisoners. On 11 July 1793, a large body of them[90] approached the town - armed with guns, pikes, scythes, and similar weapons. They had a Lieutenant Buckby as their prisoner, who they had captured earlier. At about two o'clock on the same day, the military - the 56th Regiment, commanded by Major Vallotton[91] - were sent out to meet them, "at the sight of which it was imagined they would disperse".[92] They met near John street. A parley was agreed and Valloton stepped forward on his side and the Right Boys sent forward, as their leader, John Moore of Robinstown. For some reason Valloton lost his cool and struck Moore with his sword, wounding him severely. Moore wounded him in the groin with a scythe - Vallotton died a few days later. The soldiers opened fire and the group dispersed - 11 of the protestors were killed on the spot but many more later died from their wounds in the fields around the town (perhaps another 90 or so) - some of these were killed by local militia under the command of James Boyd.[93] Lieutenant Buckby escaped. Moore died that day and was buried at Carnagh. He was only 22 years old. Many of the Right Boys were made prisoners, "five of whom, James Kenney, Patrick Flannery, Patrick Neil, Michael Carty, and John Crawford, were found guilty at the ensuing assizes and executed",[94] 26 July 1793. Valloton had a monument erected to his memory at Wexford town. Within the county this whole affair is sometimes referred to as the 'First Rebellion' (1798 being the second).[95]
The Irish language continued to be spoken in much of County Wexford until about the end of the 18th century, when it began to decline in areas where it was spoken, while Yola, spoken in the baronies of Forth and Bargy, began to decline. By 1850, there were only 800 Irish speakers left in the county and Yola had died out completely, with English dominant.
The 1798 Rebellion (see below)
Main article: Irish Rebellion of 1798
See also: Wexford Rebellion
Profile of a pike
County Wexford saw the heaviest fighting of 1798 rebellion was fought, with significant battles at Enniscorthy and New Ross and numerous 1798 memorials are scattered throughout the county. The famous ballad Boolavogue was written in remembrance of the Wexford Rising. Numerous 1798 memorials are scattered throughout the county. The French Revolution was a big influence on many of the rebels who took part and many were also United Irishmen. A common weapon used by the Wexford rebels was the pike, made by local blacksmiths - one modification usually included was a hook, used primarily to cut a horse's reins. The iron or steel spearhead was attached to a long wooden shaft - made of ash. Blacksmiths were especially targeted as suspected United Irishmen prior to the rebellion and type of torture known as pitchcapping was widely employed by British troops in Wexford to obtain information.
The rebellion in Wexford began on the evening of 26 May 1798. All through that night and the morning of 27 May 1798 several incidents took place, the first of which occurred just north of Scarawalsh Bridge, on the River Slaney. The area of countryside around Ferns and Camolin was principally involved in the initial outbreak. Fires were lit on nearby hills (including Carrigrew Hill) this night to signal to those in the surrounding countryside that the Rebellion had commenced. The famous John Murphy, a Catholic Priest, emerged as an important Rebel leader at this early stage of the Rebellion.
The Rebels were victorious at the Battle of Oulart Hill on 27 May 1798 and took Enniscorthy the next day, establishing one of their main camps at Vinegar Hill, adjacent to the town where thousands flocked to join the rebellion. On 30 May 1798 the rebels defeated a British force on its way to reinforce the garrison at Wexford town at the Battle of Three Rocks. The Government and Loyalist forces at Wexford town panicked and almost the entire garrison fled by a circuitous route, avoiding the rebels, towards Duncannon Fort. The Rebels entered the town in triumph - now almost all of the county was theirs.
Wexford - circa 1800.
An attempt to spread the rebellion into Carlow led to defeat on 1 June 1798 at the Bunclody (or Newtownbarry) but on 4 June 1798 a British counterattack was repulsed at Battle of Tubberneering and Gorey was taken the same day.
On 5 June 1798, the Rebels fought for ten hours at the Battle of New Ross, but failed to take the town. There was huge loss of life and blood literally ran in the streets. Later that day about 120 loyalist prisoners, were killed at Scullabogue, near the Rebel Camp on Carrigbyrne Hill.
On 9 June 1798, Wexford Rebels, joined by Rebels from County Wicklow, were defeated at the Battle of Arklow, County Wicklow. On 20 June 1798 a number of loyalists were piked to death on Wexford bridge. Also on 20 June 1798 the Rebels were defeated at the Battle of Foulksmills (or Goff's Bridge). At this stage, Government and Loyalist troops were now closing in on the Rebels from all sides.
The Rebels were defeated at the Battle of Vinegar Hill, 21 June 1798. That was the last major action in County Wexford. However, a detachment of Government and Loyalist forces, consisting of Ancient Britons, Fifth Dragoon Guards, Gorey Yeoman Cavalry, Ballaghkeen Yeoman Cavalry, and some supplementary mounted Yeomen, was ambushed and defeated at Ballyellis, County Wexford (near the border with County Wicklow), on 30 June 1798. The number killed was probably around 60 - of whom 25 were Ancient Britons. A number of others were wounded.[96][97] There were no Rebel casualties. This engagement became known as the Battle of Ballyellis.
Wexford: History and Society
70. See Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
Furlong, p. 78.
Carlyle, "Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches", p. 394. (Letter dated 19 October 1649) - that is, liberty of conscience for those residents of the town that chose to stay in the town instead of leaving.
The Down Survey officially commenced 11 December 1654 and ended in early March, 1656, for those counties it covered.
See: Prendergast, Cromwellian Settlement.
Prendergast, "Cromwellian Settlement", pp 164-165: Initially Wexford was one of five counties where it was planned to transplant all Catholics, but the new owners objected to this, as they needed tenants to till the land and pay rents - so the plan was dropped.
For example, George Monck and Arthur Annesley received large grants of land in County Wexford under Charles II - of whom they were staunch supporters. Monck had effectively restored Charles II to the throne.
Herbert F. Hore (ed.), "A Chorographic Account of the Southern part of the County of Wexford, written Anno 1684, by Robert Leigh. Esq., of Rosegarland, in that County" in "The Journal of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society" (Dublin, 1859), p. 467.
See William Thompson, "The Natural History of Ireland", Vol. 1 - (London, 1849), p. 328, for further details - other historical accounts mentioned here confirm Leigh's statement.
See: Prendergast, Cromwellian Settlement, pp177 - 180.
Browne, Old Ross, pp 37 - 43.
Hay, p. 12.
Newtownbarry was a British name used for Bunclody.
Taylor, p. 7.
Griffiths, Chronicles, p. 15.
See: A Tour in Ireland, 1776-1779, by Arthur Young - Online Edition at Project Gutenberg..
not Defenders, as Taylor states.
Hay, p. 21, implies the organization involved was Munster-based.
Codd, p. 20. The RC Bishop of Ferns, James Caulfield (d. 1814), called them 'Right Boys' in a 1796 Relatio to Rome.
about two or three thousands according to Taylor.
A soldier who had served at the Siege of Gibraltar
Taylor, p. 12.
Furlong, p. 97.
Taylor, p. 13.
Codd, pp 17 - 33, provides the most detailed account of the 1793 'Rebellion'.
Wheeler & Broadley, pp 210-211 & p. 216.
Brewer, p. 365, states that 30 of the Ancient Britons were killed, while the Annual Register (1798) p.139 put the number of dead at "more than eighty"(quoted in Ruan O'Donnell "The Rebellion in Wicklow 1798" (1998) ISBN 0-7165-2694-8)
By George Petrie. From Brewer, Vol. 2: where it states that it was published by Sherwood 1 May 1826 and engraved by James Sargant Storer and Henry Sargant Storer.
The weapons used were Pistols.
Cloney, Narrative, pp 170 - 176.
Wexford: History and Society, p. 454.
Cloney, Narrative, p. 3.
Furlong, p. 116.
Rev. George Newenham Wright, "Ireland Illustrated, From Original Drawings by W.H. Bartlett,G. Petrie, & T.M. Baynes. With Historical & Topographical Descriptions." (London: Fisher, Son & Co., 1834) - Engraved by Henry Winkles (1800-1860) from a drawing by the William Henry Bartlett (1809-1854).
Lacy, "Sights and scenes in our fatherland", p. 476
Griffiths, Chronicles, p. 324.
Furlong, p. 120.
Search 1901 Census for Co. Wexford (Not all areas of the county are yet Online).
Search Ellis Island Records Online for Free. (Free Registration required for some areas of this Website).
Vinegar Hill - view from Enniscorthy see photo
On the morning of 5 July 1798 the Rebels fought the Army (under James Duff) for two hours at the Battle of Ballygullen (near Craanford), where a large number of Rebels were killed and wounded. This was the last pitched battle of the rebellion in Wexford as the surviving active rebels sought to spread the rebellion by marching towards Ulster and Munster until their defeat on 14 July. Some groups stayed in Wexford carrying on guerrilla warfare with the last faction, led by James Corcoran, surviving until their eventual destruction in February 1804. Others, like Miles Byrne fought on in a different way. After Emmet's failed Rebellion of 1803, in which Byrne was involved, he escaped to France. There he enlisted in the French Army and fought the British in this guise on many subsequent occasions.
19th century
Ballynastragh House, County Wexford - From a drawing published 1826. Home of the Esmonde family.[98]
In 1803, Edward Hay, of Ballinkeele, published one of the first accounts of the 1798 Rebellion, along with a detailed map of the county.
In 1807, a famous duel[99] took place at Ardcandrisk between John Colclough and William Alcock. The main cause was an election that was about to be held - each being opposing candidates. Colclough was killed and a huge crowd subsequently attended his funeral at Tintern Abbey. This was mainly because the Colcloughs were generally popular and considered liberal landlords and also because Colclough was the people's candidate.[100] The Colclough family had been granted the former Abbey (part of which they used as a dwelling) and its extensive lands in the mid-16th century.
In 1811, Valentine Gill published his map of the county. He published another edition in 1816.[101] He was a brother of John Gill, killed on Vinegar Hill during the 1798 Rebellion.[102]
Edward Hay, of Ballinkeele, died at Dublin, 1826.
Many areas of the county were very much involved in the Tithe War (1831-36). This can be seen from the many people, from many areas of the county, included in the lists of those who refused to pay tithes, known as the Tithe Defaulter Schedules. County Wexford wasn't as badly affected as some other areas by the Famine in the 1840s, but it still had a major impact on the county.
Nicholas Furlong, illustrating the effects of the Famine, states "In 1841 the population of County Wexford was 202,033. In 1851 it was 180,158, a drop of 21,875. The population continued to decline for the rest of the century."[103]
New Ross, County Wexford - A print from an engraved steel plate, dated 1832.[104]
Griffiths' Valuation for County Wexford was published in 1853 - it now serves as an important Census substitute, as almost all the 19th century Census returns have since been destroyed.
Newspapers became widespread in this century - for example, the Wexford People began around 1853.
In 1859 the Pomona, an emigrant ship, sank off the Wexford coast and all on board were killed - estimated at about 400 people.
In the mid-19th century many of the county's towns received gas lighting for the first time - Enniscorthy, for example, around the 1850-60s.[105] The 19th century also saw the arrival of the Railways in the county.
The Bridge at New Ross, over the River Barrow, was carried away by a flood and a great flow of ice, 1867.[106]
Later in the 19th century, the Land War had a widespread impact on the county. A large number of tenants were famously evicted at Coolgreany, 1887.[107]
20th century to present
The first fully surviving Census of Population for County Wexford dates from 1901.[108]
In the early decades of the 20th century, many people from County Wexford emigrated to the United States - most travelled from Cobh (then called Queenstown), County Cork, via passenger ship to Ellis Island, New York.[109] Some remained in the US, but many others later returned home.
Battle of Vinegar Hill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Battle of Vinegar Hill (Irish: Cath Chnoc Fh?iodh na gCaor), was an engagement during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 on 21 June 1798 when over 13,000 British soldiers launched an attack on Vinegar Hill outside Enniscorthy, County Wexford, the largest camp and headquarters of the Wexford United Irish rebels. It marked a turning point in the rebellion, as it was the last attempt by the rebels to hold and defend ground against the British military. The battle was actually fought in two locations: on Vinegar Hill itself and in the streets of nearby Enniscorthy.
Preparations
By 18 June, the British had surrounded county Wexford with between 13,000[1] and 18,000 troops and were ready to pour into Wexford to crush the insurgency. The rebel leadership issued a call to all its fighters to gather at Vinegar Hill to meet the army in one great, decisive battle. The number assembled was estimated at between 16,000[1] and 20,000, but the majority lacked firearms and had to rely on pikes as their main weapon. The camp also included many thousands of women and children who were staying there for protection against the rampaging military.
The British plan, as formulated by Gerard Lake, envisaged the complete annihilation of the rebels by encircling the hill and seizing the only escape route to the west, the bridge over the Slaney. Lake divided his force into four columns to accomplish this; three columns, under Generals Dundas, Duff and Needham were to assault Vinegar Hill, while the fourth column, under General Johnson, was to storm Enniscorthy and its bridge.
Bombardment
The battle began shortly before dawn with an artillery bombardment of Irish positions on the hill. Advance units quickly moved against rebel outposts under cover of the bombardment and moved artillery closer as forward positions were secured. The tightening ring forced the rebels into an ever-shrinking area and increased exposure to the constant bombardment, including new experimental delayed-fuse shells resulting in hundreds of dead and injured.[4] At least two mass charges were launched by the rebels which failed to break the lines of the military and the situation on Vinegar Hill soon became desperate for the rebels.
Attack on Enniscorthy
Meanwhile a detachment of light infantry under the command of General Johnson attacked the town of Enniscorthy but met with fierce resistance. Buildings in the town had been fortified, and the initial attack was driven back, with the loss of munitions and men. A second attack commenced with reinforcements including cavalry, which retook the lost cannon and ammunition while also incurring considerable casualties. The Irish rebels were slowly driven out of the town but managed to hold the Slaney bridge and prevent the British from crossing.[5]
Rout and atrocities
Vinegar Hill - view from Enniscorthy
When British troops crested the eastern summit of Vinegar Hill, the rebels began to slowly withdraw through a gap in the British lines later known as "Needham's Gap", so-named because the late arrival of General Needham's troops prevented a total encirclement of the hill. Although the bulk of the rebel army escaped, many were left behind and killed in the rout phase of the battle,[2] from both cavalry and infantry attack, but also from the advanced field guns which were switched to grape shot to maximize casualties.
In addition to conventional casualties, there were also instances of rape of females amongst the rebel camp[2][6][7] and in Enniscorthy, rebel wounded were burned to death when soldiers set fire to a building used as a casualty station.[8] These atrocities may have been perpetrated in revenge for the execution by the rebels of numbers of (mostly Protestant) loyalist prisoners in the preceding weeks.[9] The Irish rebels abandoned much of the supplies they had taken from surrounding areas, and thirteen cannons were captured by the British, a number of which had been taken from the British forces previously.[10]
Aftermath
The bridge at Enniscorthy
(Vinegar Hill visible in background)
Meanwhile, the bulk of the rebel force streamed unmolested towards the Three Rocks camp outside Wexford town and, following the decision to abandon the town, split into two separate columns in a new campaign to spread the rebellion beyond Wexford. One immediately set out to the west, the other northwards towards the Wicklow Mountains to link up with General Joseph Holt's forces.
The defeat was therefore not the immediate crushing blow to the Wexford rebels that it has traditionally been depicted as, but it did alter the course of the fighting as continued resistance now took the form of mobile warfare, raids, and large scale, guerilla-type operations.
Murphy was subsequently captured in Wexford and hanged.[1] Casualties for the rebels have been variously reported, with estimates ranging from 400[1] to around 1,200. Kevin Whelan estimates a figure of between 500 and 1,000 including camp followers,[2] while Archibald McLaren, a British soldier eyewitness, wrote that the Irish rebel casualties totalled about 1,200 men.[3] British casualties were around 100.[citation needed]
Cultural depictions
The Battle of Vinegar Hill and the atrocities that occurred in its wake are depicted in the 2015 American musical "Guns of Ireland".[11]
References
Gardner, Juliet; Wenborn, Neil, eds. (1995). The History Today Companion to British History. London: Collins & Brown. p. 782. ISBN 1-85585-2616.
Reinterpreting the 1798 Rebellion in County Wexford - Kevin Whelan, p.28 in The Mighty Wave- The 1798 Rebellion in County Wexford (1996) ISBN 1-85182-253-4 (Eds. Keogh & Furlong)
MacLaren, Archibald. A minute description of the battles of Gorey, Arklow, and Vinegar-Hill, tegether [sic] with the movements of the army through Wicklow-Mountains, in quest of the rebels, who were supposed to have been encamped at the seven churches. ... Written by Archibald McLaren, ... [Dublin?], 1798. p 30
The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism, Robert Kee (London 1972) ISBN 0-297-17987-X, p. 121
The British military Journal. London, UK, (1799-1801). p 230
MacLaren, Archibald, A Minute Description of the Battles of Gorey, Arklow and Vinegar Hill; together with the movements of the army through the Wicklow mountains, National Library of Ireland, and in Charles Dickson, The Wexford Rising in 1798: Its Cause and Course, pp. 239-49 (Tralee 1955) ISBN 0-09-477250-9
Kee, See Part 2 Chapter 10.
Furlong, Nicholas. Fr. John Murphy of Boolavogue, 1753-98. Dublin, 1991. ISBN 0-906602-18-1
Hamilton, Ernest W. "The Soul of Ulster"
The chronologist of the present war; or general historical and political register: Containing a faithful series of the events which have occurred in Europe, &c. from the commencement of the French Revolution to the end of the year 1798, including a space of nearly nine years. In two parts: Part I. Amidst a variety of interesting articles will be found the following: acts (principal of Parliament) addresses assassinations battles declarations denunciations executions (remarkable) finance gifts (patriotic) inventions manifestoes motions (remarkable in Parliament) naval engagements proclamations promotions (principal) reports (of Parliament) sieges subsidies supplies treaties (of peace, offensive, defensive, and subsidiary, &c. Chronology- one of the eyes of history. The third edition, with material additions and improvements. Dublin, 1799. p 449
[1]
Primary sources
Byrne, Miles. (1780-1862) - Memoirs.
Cullen, Luke. Personal Recollections of Wexford and Wicklow Insurgents of 1798 (1938).
Cloney, Thomas. A Personal Narrative of those Transactions in the County of Wexford, in which the author was engaged, during the awful period of 1798. Dublin, 1832.
Gordon, James B. History of the Rebellion in Ireland in the year 1798, &c. London, 1803.
Maxwell. W.H. "History of the Irish Rebellion in 1798 with Memoirs of the Union and Bennetts Insurrection of 1803" Bell & Daldy, Covent Gardens, 1861.
Secondary sources
Dickson, Charles. The Wexford Rising in 1798: Its Causes and Course. Tralee, 1955.
Furlong, Nicholas. Fr. John Murphy of Boolavogue, 1753-98. Dublin, 1991. ISBN 0-906602-18-1.
Gahan, Daniel. The People's Rising. Wexford 1798. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan Ltd., 1995.
Kee, Robert. The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism. London, 1972.
Keogh, Daire & Nicholas Furlong (Editors). The Mighty Wave: The 1798 Rebellion in Wexford. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1996. ISBN 1-85182-254-2.
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Abt 1764 - 1798 (~ 34 years)
[1] 
